Giant Hyena - Facts and Figures

Mammoth Hyena - Facts and Figures Name: Giant Hyena; otherwise called PachycrocutaHabitat: Plains of Africa and EurasiaHistorical Epoch: Late Pliocene-Pleistocene (3 million-500,000 years ago)Size and Weight: Up to three feet high at the shoulder and 400 poundsDiet: MeatDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; short legs; ground-breaking head and jaws About the Giant Hyena (Pachycrocuta) It appears that each creature on earth came in bigger bundles during the Pliocene and Pleistocene ages, and the Giant Hyena (sort name Pachycrocuta) was no special case. This megafauna warm blooded creature was fundamentally the same as the cutting edge spotted hyena, then again, actually it was around multiple times the size (a few people may have weighed as much as 400 pounds) and all the more stockily worked, with relatively shorter legs. Put something aside for these urgent contrasts, be that as it may, the Giant Hyena sought after an unmistakably hyena-like way of life, taking newly slaughtered prey from other, probably littler, predators and just at times chasing for its food, when conditions requested. Tantalizingly, the fossils of some Pachycrocuta people have been found in indistinguishable Chinese caverns from the cutting edge human progenitor Homo erectus; be that as it may, its obscure if Homo erectus chased the Giant Hyena, if the Giant Hyena chased Homo erectus, or if these two populaces just involved similar caverns at various occasions! ​Ironically, given its monstrous size contrasted with its advanced relative, the Giant Hyena may well have been headed to eradication by the a lot littler spotted hyenawhich would have been extended significantly more agilely over the prairies of Africa and Eurasia and had the option to pursue prey over longer separations (during times when newly killed bodies were slender on the ground). The spotted hyena was likewise better adjusted for the conditions that won toward the finish of the Pleistocene age, soon after the last Ice Age, when the majority of the universes monster warm blooded animals went wiped out for absence of accessible food.

Hannibal Essays - Barcids, Roman Censors, Hannibal, Marching

Hannibal Essays - Barcids, Roman Censors, Hannibal, Marching Hannibal Since his fleeting life and deplorable passing, Hannibal Barca goes over the hundreds of years as the military officer with hardly any equivalents. A brave head, splendid strategist, and unfaltering officer in the administration of his cherished Carthage, Hannibal existed for one sole reason: to overcome and, if conceivable, to dispense with the intensity of Rome(Livy p.207). Hannibals fate was at that point picked for him before his own introduction to the world. The main thing that couldnt have been predicted was the result of his battles. His dad Hamilcar Barca, another intrepid administrator from Carthage, was in control during the primary Punic War. Hannibal was taken to Spain at the youthful period of just nine. There he had to swear antagonistic vibe toward Rome. From his dads demise to his own passing Hannibal was continually engaged with a battle among Carthage and Rome. Hannibal was set in the military when his dad felt he was mature enough to begin his lively preparing. He figured out how to deal with arms as capably as any fighter does, and he never requested that his troopers accomplish something that he himself couldn't do. In 221 BC, Hasdrubal was killed, and Hamilcar kicked the bucket fighting in 229 BC. The youthful Hannibal was provided his first order, at the age of twenty-six. Hannibal was presently the president, and the Carthaginian government endorsed his position. He was a splendid popular pioneer structure the beginning. The veterans believed that in Hannibal, Hamilcar had come back to life. They noticed a similar vitality in Hannibals face, a similar sharp look. He was totally dauntless in going into potential harm, reasonable when it was close by. No measure of work exhausted him, genuinely or intellectually. He suffered warmth and cold well indeed. What time stayed over when his assignments were done he provided for rest. Commonly the warriors saw him lying on the ground in the midst of the stations and the watchmen, enclosed by a military cloak(Miller et al Livy p.41). Prior to the passing of Hasdrubal, Carthage had arranged a settlement with Rome to set up a line of Demarcation on the Ebro River. This arrangement prompted Hannibals first military activity. Saguntum, which was found well south of the line, turned into the focal point of Roman desire. Saguntums pioneers started assaulting close by Cartheginian partners and ousting supporters. The city of Saguntum was well inside the Carthaginian impact, yet the Romans requested that Carthage not make a move at Sanguntum. Hannibal overlooked Roman requests and chose to make a move on the city. Hannibal sorted out his militaries and tossed an attack on Saguntum. The city was incredibly diminished and Hannibal started his astonishing outing over the Alps. As indicated by H.L. Oerter of Miami University, Hannibals venture, including 40 elephants, over and through the Alps into Italy has never been denied. In any case, there has been no summed up concession to the course that he followed. It is realized that two Greek researchers went with Hannibals powers, yet their records have never been found. A Roman armed force under the order of General Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent to meet and discard Hannibal, yet neglected to run over the extraordinary pioneer. Scipio did at long last meet Hannibal at the Ticinus River. The gathering was inadvertent. Powers from the two sides met, and the Carthaginians came out of the fight triumphant. Scipio was severely injured and almost lost his life. The Romans withdrew to Placentia, where Longus would strengthen them. Battling on the left bank of the Trebia River the Romans were again adequately vanquished. Hannibal progressed to the Arno River by spring. In 217 BC, Hannibal proceeded onward to Perugia and constrained the Roman Flaminius into open battle, at the clash of Lake Trasimene. The Carthaginians almost demolished Flaminius, executing thousands and driving others to suffocate in the lake. Rome sent fortifications to Flaminius yet Carthage captured and annihilated them too. That equivalent year Rome chose Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctators despot who embraced the Fabian strategy of deferral. This strategy just permitted little engagements between the two armed forces. In 216, Hannibal made his move south and held onto the military flexibly terminal at Cannae on the Aufidus River. Here, in August, The Battle of Cannae was battled. While the Guals and Iberian infantry of Hannibals focus line yielded before the

How a Drunk Driving Conviction Affects Your Insurance

How a Drunk Driving Conviction Affects Your Insurance Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Print How a Drunk Driving Conviction Affects Your Insurance You Will Probably Need SR-22 Insurance By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 08, 2018 Doug Menuez Collection / Stockbyte / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If you are convicted of drunk driving, in most states your automobile insurance rates are likely going to go up for at least three years and you will probably be learning at lot about something called SR-22. Whether your state calls it driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated or operating a vehicle while intoxicated if you are convicted of any of those offenses, chances are your insurance rates will increase before you are allowed to drive again. SR22 Insurance Laws Vary by State The penalties regarding drunk driving vary from state to state, but in every state, if you are convicted of impaired driving, your drivers privileges will be suspended for at least 30 days to one year, even on the first offense. In most states, to get your drivers license and privileges back, you will have to provide the licensing agency with an SR-22 form, which proves that you have motor vehicle liability insurance. Under SR-22 laws, the insurance company is required to notify the licensing agency, usually the department of motor vehicles, if the policy is canceled, terminated or lapses. Your Insurance Premiums Could Triple When you go to your auto insurance agency to get an SR-22 form, your company will consider you a high-risk driver and increase your insurance premiums. This is especially true if you were previously in a preferred class or received safe-driver discounts. If you are convicted of drunk driving, your auto insurance premiums can double, and in some states, even triple. You may want to shop around; some companies specialize in high-risk policies. Not All Companies Offer SR-22 Policies Some insurance companies do not offer SR-22 insurance policies. If you are convicted of drunk driving and your company does not offer SR-22, the company will cancel or not renew your current policy. You will have to find another company that does offer SR-22 and when you do, you can count on your rates being higher because then you would also have a cancellation on your claims history. Some states have laws that prohibit insurance companies from canceling policies before the term expires, even if you are convicted of a drunk driving charge. Check the laws  in your state. How Long Will Your Rates Increase? Again, laws vary from state to state, but generally, a drunk driving conviction will affect your insurance status for at least three years in most states for a first offense. For subsequent convictions, the length of time is much longer. Many states now have drunk driving laws that provide enhanced penalties for special circumstances, such as if someone was injured, if a child was in the vehicle, if your blood alcohol concentration exceeded a certain level or if you were under the age of 21 at the time of your arrest. For example, in all 50 states, a blood alcohol concentration of .08 is the level considered legally intoxicated. But in 40 states, penalties for a DUI conviction are doubled if the driver registers a high BAC level (usually over .15 or .20). How Can You Avoid Increase Rates? Increased rates for auto insurance only come into play if you want your drivers privileges restored. You can avoid those extra costs by walking or taking public transportation. A few states still allow the operation of mopeds without a license. Even if you do not personally own a vehicle, but wish to have your driving privileges restored after a DUI conviction, you still must provide an SR-22 form by buying a non-owner policy. In other words, you will have to buy insurance for a car that you do not even own. The best way to avoid increased insurance premiums is simple. Dont get behind the wheel while intoxicated. Use a designated driver. Call a taxi. Its much cheaper in the long run.

The rapid epidemic of divorce in the United States within...

The rapid epidemic of divorce in the United States within the last 20 years has affected more than one half of the families in the United States. In the past, we have viewed divorce as a short term crisis and not as a longitudinal view of the effects divorce might bring. Divorce does affect children. However, it is not the divorce that is the problem; it is the ongoing conflict between the parents and the child’s coping mechanisms in their own stages of development. Counseling, family therapy, and also having a divorce mediation are all successful ways of coping with the family. Keywords: divorce, children, boys, girls Many studies have shown that children from preschool-to older school aged†¦show more content†¦A preschooler’s reaction to and ability to understand their parents’ divorce will be very different from that of an adolescent. A child’s perception and beliefs will change over time due to their cognitive maturity and growing relationship with their parents. Preschoolers tend to be emotional needy, and have fears of abandonment, as well as display act out behavior. They act up, cling, and tend to have temper outbursts. Preschoolers usually have a security object such as a blanket that they need to carry around, they can even begin to wet the bed during sleep times. It is much harder from preschoolers to adjust all around as well as have the most difficulty with visit changes. Children between the ages of 6-8 tend to have fantasies of their parents reconciling. They continuously force their parents to interact in any way possible. They tend to want to fix their parents problems, usually taking the blame for their parent’s divorces or disagreements. Child often during these ages have conflicting ideas of loyalty and whose side they should choose during a conflict. Which is why psychologists stress the importance of a no conflict environment to make it easier for the child in these developmental stages. Children during this stage of development tend to have the most grief over not have the other parent living with them. They tend to craveShow MoreRelatedFilariasis, Malaria, Dengue Fever and Lyme Disease3361 Words   |  14 Pagesprominent discoverers, Wucherer and Bancroft. Filariasis is extremely rare in Western world, but it is an endemic in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and South America with over 120 million of people has been infected with it. The primary cause the disease to took place is more likely due to rapid growth of developing nation, which creates numerous breeding sites for mosquitoes, and other vectors and permit ‘them’ to transmit the disease. Over one-third of people who are diagnosed with disease,Read MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagestransmission is affected. * Kidney increases excretion of water. * Speech becomes slurred. HOW CAN YOU TELL IF SOMEONE IS AN ALCOHOLIC? 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Illegal Substance Abuse And Addiction - 1196 Words

Illegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environment. The production of methamphetamine involves the use of anhydrous ammonia, hydriodic acid, and iodine. These chemicals are extremely dangerous when ingested or inhaled. Many times, meth labs are located in apartment buildings and houses, putting neighboring residents at severe health risk (The Impact of Drugs on Society - National Drug Threat Assessment 2006). Emergency responders, law enforcement officers and people who live in the area are also at risk of death or injury due to methamphetamine production. Another area of concern how drug abuse impacts businesses. An employee involved in drug use can potentially jeopardize the economic success of the organization. For instance, employees who abuse drugs sometimes steal supplies, equipment, or money that can be used or sold to obtain drugs. Other impacts include decreased productivity, increased time away from work, and more frequent use of insurance and medical benefits. Also, an employee operating equipment or a transportShow MoreRelatedWho Gets Addicted And How?1174 Words   |  5 Pagesphysician specializes in addiction. 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Welfare Of Parkinsons Disease Sufferers Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(180) " research projected undertaken by the National Institute of Health, three households of Grecian and Italian beginnings which suffered from Parkinson ‘s disease were studied\." Parkinson ‘s disease is a common disease confronting many older people across the universe. It affects the cardinal nervous system and it impairs cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and other maps. This disease largely affects the older coevals and it manifests itself with symptoms which include rigidness, shudder, postural instability, awkwardness in motion and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Welfare Of Parkinsons Disease Sufferers Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other symptoms include sleep troubles, centripetal and autonomic disfunction. Parkinson ‘s disease has a high prevalence rate among older people with about 500,000 people enduring from the disease in the United States. In add-on, there are about 1 million people who suffer from the disease but they have non been diagnosed yet ( Oxtoby et. al. , 2004 ) . This makes Parkinson ‘s disease a serious unwellness which requires pressing intercessions by society. Parkinson ‘s disease adversely affects the day-to-day life of people enduring from it since it affects their cognitive procedures or motor accomplishments. This makes most patients rely on household and friends for endurance. As a consequence, there are assorted plans which have been developed to provide for people enduring from the unwellness. This paper aims at analysing Parkinson ‘s disease including statistics and effects on patients. Assorted plans which cater for patients enduring from the disease will be discussed and farther intercessions needed to cut down inauspicious effects on society recommended. The discussed issues will be summarized at the terminal. Statisticss, causality and intervention It has been stated that there are 500,000 people enduring from Parkinson ‘s disease in the United States and a farther 1 million who have the disease but who have non been diagnosed yet. The disease kills an norm of 14,000 people yearly in the US. In the UK, about 1 % of hospital audiences are for Parkinson ‘s disease and the average age of patients diagnosed with the disease is 65. Globally, it is estimated that about 10 million suffer from the disease although there are few statistics on Parkinson ‘s disease. The cause of the disease is non known although it has been linked with genetic sciences in some instances. It has besides been linked to exposure to some insect powders. Parkinson ‘s is normally diagnosed by a combination of methods. It is hard to name the disease utilizing pathological agencies and clinical trials are normally used in naming Parkinson ‘s. Neuro-imaging is besides another effectual manner of naming the upset. The disease is normal ly treated utilizing medicine although at some phases complications may happen as a consequence of trust on medicine. Treatment techniques include the usage of MAO-B inhibitors, Dopastat agonists and L-dopa. Rehabilitation and diet have besides been seen to assist in alleviating symptoms. In utmost instances, encephalon stimulation and surgery is used to alleviate symptoms of the disease. Psycho-social challenges confronting affected patients There are many challenges which patients who suffer from Parkinson ‘s face. Since the disease impairs cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and other maps, it makes twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities hard to execute. Acts which many people take for granted such as speaking, walking, bathing, bathroom control, memory and others, may all of a sudden turn out disputing for Parkinson ‘s patients to execute. This may do them societal loads who require round the clock attending from their households or wellness attention practicians. Many patients particularly those who are hapless or marginalized are normally unable to entree such attention and they are left to endure on their ain. However, there are assorted groups and undertakings which are developed to provide for patients who can non entree effectual attention. Patients enduring from symptoms of the disease may besides be unable to keep nice employment chances due to hapless cognitive and motor accompl ishments as a consequence of the disease. Inability to keep employment makes such patients dependent on others. Patients who do non hold household and friends who may care for them normally do non hold entree to basic demands including wellness attention due to miss of employment. However, these excessively can profit from several plans which have been created to provide for patients enduring from the disease across the US. Another psycho-social challenge confronting many Parkinson ‘s patients is deficiency of entree to effectual wellness attention services. Many patients do non hold support from household and friends and they besides do non hold employment chances. As a consequence, they are unable to afford wellness attention insurance to pull off their status and this worsens their symptoms ( Grimes, 2004 ) . If the disease is left untreated for a long clip, such patients are exposed to human death. This may explicate the high figure of people who succumb to Parkinson ‘s disease which can be managed through intervention. In add-on, there is a high degree of psychological agony particularly for patients in the late phase of the unwellness. Such patients suffer from altered relationships, low ego regard, loss of liberty, societal isolation among other effects. These have an inauspicious consequence on mental wellness and they may take to the development of other mental unwellnesss such as p sychosis. It is hence of indispensable importance that a remedy is found for the unwellness. This may merely be achieved through research. Research undertakings on Parkinson ‘s disease There are assorted researches which have been conducted in order to understand the most effectual manner to name and handle the disease. In a research by Columbia University, 100 people of who half suffered from Parkinson ‘s disease were studied for Dopastat degrees. The healthy population acted as the control group during research. The research findings showed that people enduring from Parkinson ‘s disease lose up to 70 % of Dopastat in the encephalon ( National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2011 ) . This determination was of import since it enabled scientists to develop new ways of naming the disease. They used PET imaging to mensurate Dopastat degrees and find if one suffers from Parkinson ‘s disease. Stimulation of these patients besides recorded improved motor working which is provides a footing for handling Parkinson ‘s patients. In another research projected undertaken by the National Institute of Health, three households of Grecian and Italian beginnings which suffered from Parkinson ‘s disease were studied. You read "Welfare Of Parkinsons Disease Sufferers Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The scientists aimed at happening out if genetic sciences is a causality of Parkinson ‘s disease. The research findings showed that in all households, there was a mutant of the cistron alpha-synuclein. This determination proved to be of import since it linked genetic sciences to the development of Parkinson ‘s disease. It besides encouraged scientists to further analyze the function of alpha-synuclein in development of Parkinson ‘s disease. Research findings on the impact of this cistron may organize the footing of developing a remedy for the disease. However, farther research on the disease is necessary in order to develop an effectual remedy. Successful community based plans for Parkinson ‘s disease patients There are assorted successful plans which have been developed to provide for patients enduring from Parkinson ‘s disease. Some of these plans will be briefly discussed below ; American Parkinson ‘s Disease Association This group was founded in 1961 with the aims of easing loads of Parkinson ‘s sick persons and developing a remedy for this unwellness. It has its central offices in New York and the organisation undertakes several enterprises to help in forestalling and handling the disease ( American Parkinson ‘s Disease Association, 2011 ) . It has subdivisions in several provinces and the organisation provides attention to patients across America who suffer from Parkinson ‘s disease. It is chiefly funded by both the authorities and the private sector. This organisation has helped over 1 million patients to day of the month and this figure is bit by bit increasing. The APDA organisation provides financess for research on the disease in attempts to develop remedy. Already, over $ 1 billion has been used in this enterprise to day of the month. The organisation besides provides support for patients who suffer from the upset. It provides medical aid through associating patients with q ualified wellness attention professionals and guaranting that medical costs are paid. This is normally aimed at supplying the hapless and marginalized people with no entree to wellness insurance with an chance to entree high quality intervention. Finally, the APDA organisation strives to educate the populace on the presence of Parkinson ‘s disease in society and how to care for patients enduring from the disease. This is a really of import enterprise since it ensures that patients have moral and physical support from their friends, households and society at big. Columbia Parkinson ‘s Support This organisation was developed to supply information, support, consciousness and instruction on Parkinson ‘s disease. It is run by voluntaries and it is a non-profit group entirely developed to provide for demands of Parkinson ‘s patients. Most of these voluntaries are patients who besides suffer from Parkinson ‘s. The group began runing in 1985 and it has helped over 5,000 Parkinson ‘s patients since so. Its chief aims are back uping patients enduring from Parkinson ‘s through fiscal or medical aid, set abouting research aimed at developing a remedy for the disease and sensitising the populace on the presence of the disease and how to care for patients who suffer from it ( Columbia Parkinson ‘s Support, 2011 ) . The CPS group holds treatments and forums one time a hebdomad in attempts to sensitise the populace on the disease. Although this is a comparatively little group with limited support, the members participate in clinical tests whenever an chance presents itself and this is an of import measure towards developing a remedy for the disease. The group sets aside $ 3,000 yearly for research intents on Parkinson ‘s disease. This group is funded by good wishers and members every bit good as other stakeholders. The local community besides plays a major function in raising financess to back up the cause of the CPS group. Social intercessions which may assist pull off Parkinson ‘s disease There are assorted intercessions which should be applied in order to assist pull off the effects of the disease in society. These intercessions will be briefly discussed below ; Educating populace on the disease Educating the populace on presence of the disease and how to care for patients who suffer from it is one of the most effectual ways of pull offing the disease. Patients who suffer from Parkinson ‘s require support from the household, friends and community at big ( Duvoisin A ; Sage, 2001 ) . Increasing consciousness of the disease amongst the local community enables patients enduring from this disease to hold mental and physical support from society. It besides informs the populace on the symptoms and causes of the disease thereby encouraging cheque ups and early intervention on people enduring from symptoms of the disease. More support for research on Parkinson ‘s disease Although there are many installations which undertake research on Parkinson ‘s disease, most of these plans are under-funded. Many organisations and groups prefer funding research for diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes which are viewed as more common and lifelessly. However, Parkinson ‘s disease is besides a serious disease which requires a similar degree of attending. More support should be provided by the authorities and private houses for research on the disease in order to develop an early remedy and salvage 1000000s of lives. Bettering entree to healthcare insurance There are more than 5 million people in the US who do non hold entree to wellness acre insurance. This is due to the high cost of insurance which is beyond their fiscal abilities. There are many people who suffer from Parkinson ‘s disease who fall in this bracket. Such patients are unable to entree medical attention to pull off the disease and this causes farther injury on their mental and physical wellness. Guaranting everyone has entree to wellness insurance is an effectual manner of contending the disease since it will promote early intercession and intervention thereby minimising the effects of the disease on society ( Michele, 2009 ) . Execution of the intercessions In order to efficaciously implement these intercessions, the authorities and private sector should organize a partnership. Partnership between the two would do support for Parkinson ‘s disease research and intervention easier. The community should besides be involved when implementing these intercessions. This is because patients require community support which may either be psychological or physical for their wellness to better. The authorities and local governments should guarantee that everyone has entree to wellness attention by cut downing wellness insurance costs and increasing support of wellness attention. This will guarantee that Parkinson ‘s disease is diagnosed and treated early for the bulk of patients. Summary and decision Assorted facets of Parkinson ‘s disease have been discussed in item. Parkinson ‘s is a common disease in the US and across the universe although it is mostly unmarked. Its cause is unknown and it has no remedy. Over 500,000 people have been diagnosed with Parkinson ‘s in the US and 1 million others have the disease but have non been diagnosed. The disease affects patients physically, mentally and socially since it affects cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and other maps, doing twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities hard to execute. Patients who have been diagnosed with Parkinson ‘s disease suffer from psycho-social jobs such as inability to keep nice employment chances, deficiency of entree to effectual wellness attention services and psychological agony particularly for patients in the late phase of the unwellness. Assorted groups such as Columbia Parkinson ‘s Support and American Parkinson ‘s Disease Association contribute to bettering the public assistance of patients through increasing consciousness of the disease, funding research on the unwellness and supplying medical and fiscal aid to patients. In order to pull off the unwellness, assorted intercessions should be implemented and these include educating populace on the disease, apportioning more support for research on Parkinson ‘s disease and bettering entree to healthcare insurance by patients. This will guarantee that early diagnosing and intervention of the disease is achieved and that fewer people succumb to the effects of the disease. However, farther research is needed to develop a remedy for Parkinson ‘s. Developing a remedy for the disease will salvage the lives of future coevalss. How to cite Welfare Of Parkinsons Disease Sufferers Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Seneca Village Essays - Seneca Tribe, Central Park, Seneca Village

Seneca Village When people think of Central Park, the thought of African-Americans once owning the land is inconceivable. Yet, this was the case 150 years ago when there once thrived a place called Seneca Village. The land known as Seneca Village was originally farmland owned by John and Elizabeth Whitehead. Andrew Williams, an African-American male, bought three lots of land from the Whiteheads in 1825. In addition, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church purchased six lots of land, which began the birth of the community. The Whiteheads eventually sold off their land between 82nd to 86th Streets. The majority of the buyers were African Americans. This became the first community for property-owning African Americans . The Seneca Village community started small but grew when it combined with York Hill, a neighboring African-American settlement. The population increased from 100 people in the late 1830s to 264 residents in 1864. The village became popular due to its affordability compared to downtown Manhattan. Seneca was more affordable than lower Manhattan in which it was nearly impossible to own property due to laws and the unwillingness to sell to African Americans. Working class African Americans populated Seneca as an escape from the poor housing that plagued lower Manhattan. The chance of being a part of an indigenous community appealed to most downtown African Americans. The right to vote was important to the people in Seneca Village. Due to the requirements of land ownership, most African Americans were excluded from suffrage. Ten percent of all eligible African American voters came from Seneca. African Americans were not the only residents of Seneca Village. European immigrants began to enter the neighborhood in the 1840s. The potato famine in Ireland sent many Irish immigrants to New York. Thirty percent of the population of Seneca Village was mostly Irish and German. Records show that Europeans and African-Americans in the Village lived in harmony and attended church together and buried their dead in the same cemetery. Spirituality was very important to the residents of Seneca Village. Three churches were built in the Village along with three cemeteries. Not much is known about the first church, the African Union Methodist Church, which is believed to be founded in 1837. It contained a school in its basement, which became the example for the schooling of African-Americans in New York City. The second church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Branch Militant, an affiliate branch of the AME Zion Church, planted the cornerstone for a church with the capacity to house 100 people. There were also plans to for a school in the basement. The AME Zion Church had burial vaults in their churchyard located in lower Manhattan, but the City Council felt that the burial sites contributed to the rise in yellow fever. The Council granted temporary space in potters field but once it was filled to capacity, the church bought land in Seneca Village for burial use. The Church had at least two large burial sites located south of 86th Street. A new site in Brooklyn, the Cypress Hills Cemetery, was the new site for the church due to a new law that banned all burials below 86th Street. The third church, the All Angels Church, was built on land donated by a couple of women. The membership of the church was approximately one-third European and the rest African-American. Records from the church indicate that many people died of a cholera epidemic that occurred between 1848 and 1850. Once the law that limited burials south of 86thStreet was enacted, the congregation moved their burials to St. Michaels cemetery in Astoria, Queens. Acquiring additional burial sites for their deceased in other areas of New York was a barometer of the remarkable increase in landowners, as well as residents, of Seneca Village. Racial tension appeared to be non-existent. The Village was a peaceful community and provided a higher level of living with the churches and schools being their main foundations. However, this prosperous community was desecrated by the power brokers of New York in order to build Central Park. Upon return from European grand tour, a wealthy merchant, Robert Minturn, brought back the idea of building a monumental park that would rival the parks of Europe. He had the support of many